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''Panellus stipticus'', commonly known as the bitter oyster, the astringent panus, the luminescent panellus, or the stiptic fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae, and the type species of the genus ''Panellus''. A common and widely distributed species, it is found in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America, where it grows in groups or dense overlapping clusters on the logs, stumps, and trunks of deciduous trees, especially beech, oak, and birch. During the development of the fruit bodies, the mushrooms start out as tiny white knobs, which, over a period of one to three months, develop into fan- or kidney-shaped caps that measure up to broad. The caps are orange-yellow to brownish, and attached to the decaying wood by short stubby stalks that are connected off-center or on the side of the caps. The fungus was given its current scientific name in 1879, but has been known by many names since French mycologist Jean Bulliard first described it as ''Agaricus stypticus'' in 1783. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed ''P. stipticus'' to have a close genetic relationship with members of the genus ''Mycena''. ''Panellus stipticus'' is one of several dozen species of fungi that are bioluminescent. Strains from eastern North America are typically bioluminescent, but those from the Pacific coast regions of North America and from other continents are not. The luminescence is localized to the edges of the gills and the junction of the gills with the stem and cap. Bioluminescence is also observable with mycelia grown in laboratory culture, and the growth conditions for optimal light production have been studied in detail. Several chemicals have been isolated and characterized that are believed to be responsible for light production. Genetic analysis has shown that luminescence is controlled by a single dominant allele. The luminescent glow of this and other fungi inspired the term foxfire, coined by early settlers in eastern and southern North America. Modern research has probed the potential of ''P. stipticus'' as a tool in bioremediation, because of its ability to detoxify various environmental pollutants. ==Taxonomy and phylogeny== }} }} }} }} }} |caption=Phylogeny and relationships of ''P. stipticus'' and related species based on ribosomal DNA sequences〔 }} The species was first named ''Agaricus stypticus'' by the French botanist Jean Bulliard in 1783,〔 and later sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries under this name in 1821.〔 Fries later changed the genus as well as the spelling of the epithet and called it ''Panus stipticus''.〔 The species has had an extensive taxonomic history and been shuffled to a number of genera by various authors, resulting in several synonyms: ''Agaricus flabelliformis'' (Johann Friedrich Gmelin, 1792),〔 ''Pocillaria stiptica'' (Otto Kuntze, 1898),〔 ''Rhipidium stipticum'' (Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth, 1833),〔 ''Crepidopus stipticus'' (Samuel Frederick Gray, 1821),〔 ''Pleurotus stipticus'' (Paul Kummer),〔 ''Lentinus stipticus'' (Joseph Schröter, 1885),〔 and ''Merulius stipticus'' (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck).〔 It was Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten who in 1879 assigned its current name.〔 ''Panellus stypticus'' is still used in the literature as a variant spelling.〔 ''Panellus stipticus'' is the type species of the genus ''Panellus'', and, in Rolf Singer's authoritative 1986 classification of the Agaricales, it is also the type species of subgenus ''Panellus'', an infrageneric (below the taxonomic level of genus) grouping of ''Panellus'' species characterized by the absence of cystidia on the sides of the gills.〔 More recently, phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of their ribosomal large subunit genes have concluded that ''Panellus stipticus'' is closely related to the poroid mushroom ''Dictyopanus pusillus''.〔 The molecular analysis supports a previous assessment by mycologists Harold Bursdall and Orson K. Miller, who in 1975 suggested merging ''Dictyopanus'' into ''Panellus'' based on similarities in spore shape, stem structure, and the ability of dried fruit bodies to revive when moistened.〔 Formerly grouped in the Tricholomataceae family,〔 a wastebasket taxon of gilled mushrooms with white spores, ''P. stipticus'' is now classified in the Mycenaceae,〔〔 after a large-scale phylogenetic analysis revealed "a previously unsuspected relationship between ''Mycena'' and ''Panellus'' (including ''Dictyopanus'')".〔 The fungus is commonly known as the bitter oyster,〔 the luminescent panellus,〔 the astringent panus,〔 or the styptic fungus.〔 The specific epithet ''stipticus'' refers to its purported value in stopping bleeding.〔〔 Etymologically, it is a Greek equivalent to the Latin word ''astringens'', deriving from στυπτικός (''styptikós''), itself from the verb στύφειν (''styphein''), "to contract".〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Panellus stipticus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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